As an increasingly prominent social issue, the mental health of primary and secondary school students has attracted the attention of all walks of life. In this regard, scholars have conducted numerous studies on the issue of students’ mental health from different perspectives and to different degrees. However, there are still several issues that need to be further clarified in these studies. According to this, this study systematically reviews and summarizes the conceptual orientation, current research status, and influencing factors of primary and secondary school students’ mental health, and finds the following two questions. The present research mainly involves two orientations, pathological and positive psychological, with the pathological orientation in particular. The measurement tools, evaluation indicators, and influencing factors of the positive psychological orientation are yet to be developed and improved. Future research needs to further clarify the research orientation of mental health in primary and secondary schools, enrich the measurement tools, improve the evaluation indicators and explore the underlying mechanisms.