Abstract:Under the urbanrural dual structure, the disparity in development between urban and rural regions has caused a significant overflow of rural residents, an aging rural population, and the phenomenon known as urbanrural inversion of population aging. The oneway crossregional movement of people has contributed to both the ruralurban population transfer and a significant regional age structure imbalance in China, which is a danger to the country’s longterm economic and social growth. Based on the panel data of 31 provinces from 2010 to 2019, we build fixedeffect and randomeffect models with the population aging coefficients as the explanatory variables to investigate the factors that influence population aging and the phenomenon of ruralurban inversion in urban and rural areas of China, as well as the performance of the three types of factors in the eastern, central, and western regions from three perspectives: demographic, economic, and social. The results show that demographic factors are the direct cause of urbanrural differences in aging, economic factors are the root cause, and social factors such as education, medical care, and social security have different effects between urban and rural areas and regions. As a result, the government should improve fertility assistance to raise fertility rates, promote integrated urbanrural development, stimulate the creation of eldercare services in rural regions, and promote regional connectivity and collaboration.