Productivity is the fundamental force to promote social development. More than 100 years ago, Marx and Engels gradually revealed that science and technology plays an important role in the formation of factors, enhancing empowerment and promoting development of productive forces, and social system conditions have a double impact on the correlation between science and technology and productive forces. The Marxist theory of the relation between science and technology and productive forces opens up a way for the proletariat to correctly understand and grasp the relation between science and technology and productive forces. New quality productivity dominates the production process through scientific and technological innovation, significantly enhances the production force, deeply promotes the production transformation, and leads the direction of production development. It is a kind of advanced productivity, high-energy productivity, green productivity, and future productivity in line with the new development concept. At present, our Party’s proposal to accelerate the formation and development of new quality productive forces is a new leap in the Marxist theory of the relationship between science and technology and productive forces, and provides important guidance for the high-quality development of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era on the new journey.