Spiritual production is a key component of Marx’s theory of comprehensive production, and it is also an important category of Marx’s materialist view of history. As a practical activity of real people, spiritual production is an active reflection of material production and social relations under specific social and historical conditions, directly related to the satisfaction of human spiritual and cultural needs, the improvement of spiritual literacy, the cultivation of the spiritual world, and the realization of free and comprehensive development. As the essential requirement of Chinese path to modernization and the due meaning of national rejuvenation, the common prosperity of spiritual life in the new era takes high-quality economic development as the material premise, adheres to the development logic of people first, actively responds to the people’s needs for a better life and the fundamental pursuit of free and comprehensive development, which vividly reflects the implementation and development of Marx’s spiritual production theory in the great practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era. Therefore, it is necessary to deeply explore and scientifically clarify the specific content, development laws, and essential characteristics of Marx’s theory of spiritual production, and explore specific paths to promote common prosperity of spiritual life in the new era from the perspective of spiritual production.