Building a high-quality and specialized team of science teachers is a foundational project to support the construction of a strong country in science and technology education, which puts forward new requirements for the construction of science education majors. The study used content analysis method to analyze the learning programs of science education majors in 33 universities. It was found that science education majors face many problems, such as lack of focus on training objectives, blurred professional boundaries, unreasonable curriculum structure, and serious disciplinary oriented phenomena in professional direction courses. This reflects the dilemma of balancing “academic” and “teacher training” in the training of science teachers. It is suggested that the government strengthen the top-level design, coordinate the construction of science education majors in universities and the development of science teacher teams in primary and secondary schools. Universities should focus on training objectives, optimize curriculum structure, strengthen the “teacher training” of courses, select compulsory courses in professional directions, and clarify professional boundaries and characteristics.