Group cooperative learning among college students is an important teaching method for promoting the all-round development of students. Its practical logic lies in effectively utilizing the multi-dimensional interdependence characteristics to optimize teaching outcomes. This paper employs the grounded theory method to construct a theoretical framework consisting of five core dimensions: task allocation methods, resource sharing mechanisms, information-based evaluation measures, individual responsibility, and collaborative communication skills, aiming to reveal the practical logic of group cooperative learning among college students. The research findings are as follows: (1) Task allocation methods are the direct influencing factors for optimizing cooperation, ensuring the achievement of common goals among members in task completion. (2) Resource sharing mechanisms are the key links to enhance the effectiveness of cooperative learning, promoting the flow of information and resources among members to leverage each other’s strengths and improve overall work efficiency. (3) Information-based evaluation measures provide an objective and fair feedback mechanism for group cooperative learning, facilitating real-time monitoring, problem identification, and adjustment of learning strategies among members. (4) Individual responsibility is an important guarantee for promoting efficient collaboration within the group, enhancing group cohesion through the joint execution drive. (5) Collaborative communication skills, through emotional bonds, improve decision-making efficiency and create a favorable cooperative atmosphere.