The “modern state” is a key concept for understanding Marx’s critique of the capitalist state, reflecting his successive theoretical approaches—humanism and historical materialism—in critiquing the capitalist modern state. Most current research on Marx’s theory of the modern state primarily focuses on three dimensions: analyzing his conception of the modern state by distinguishing between “critique” and ‘construction’; grasping the class-instrumental essence of the modern state based on Marx’s dualistic paradigm of the “state-society” relationship; and understanding Marx’s view of the modern state from a community-based perspective. Compared to these analytical approaches, this study will begin with the critical dimension of Marx’s “modern state” context. It will first elucidate how Marx, through the scientific path of historical materialism, reveals the modern state as a means for the bourgeoisie to produce wealth, advocating its replacement by the “revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat.” It then deconstructs the misinterpreted revisions of Western Marxism to its theoretical intent. While criticizing the modern state’s abuse of instrumental rationality and the legal-technocratic bureaucracy’s construction of power “legitimacy” to obscure class contradictions, these revisions veer toward a third way diverging from Marx’s original theoretical purpose. Finally, it re-establishes the contemporary theoretical value and implications of Marx’s critique of the modern state. First, it dismantles the ideological myths of Western modern state perspectives through scientific theoretical approaches. Second, it exposes the unequal structures of civilizational interaction within globalization to resist the new hegemonic model of Western “racism”. Third, it anchors the value goal of “countering capitalist logic” to advance Chinese-style modernization in state governance, thereby negating and transcending the capitalist state.