Beautiful China not only carries the Chinese nation’s deep yearning for a better ecological environment, but also the practical goal of ecological civilization construction, and is also a clear symbol of the harmonious coexistence of man and nature in the process of Chinese-style modernization. As the core driving force of a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, new quality productivity has not only reshaped the economic development pattern, but also accelerated the pace of building a beautiful China. To empower the construction of a beautiful China with new quality productivity, it is necessary to conduct an in-depth analysis from three dimensions: generation logic, practical dilemma and practical path, and reveal its enabling mechanism. From the perspective of generative logic, new quality productive forces are the theoretical innovation of Marxist productivity theory to guide the construction of a beautiful China, the crystallization of the experience of the Communist Party of China in coordinating economic development and ecological protection, and the scientific response to the grand goal of building a beautiful China in an all-round way in the new era. However, new quality productive forces still face many practical difficulties in the process of empowering the construction of a beautiful China: first, insufficient support for production factors and difficulties in the transformation of traditional industries coexist; second, the lag in social practice and environmental awareness need to be improved. Third, the ecological system is incomplete and the coordination of social governance is weak. To this end, feasible measures must be put forward for the above dilemma: first, optimize production factors and stimulate the vitality of green transformation; second, we must improve the awareness of ecological and environmental protection and unite the joint forces of social co-governance. Third, we must improve the ecological system and improve the efficiency of social governance. By giving full play to the core role of new quality productivity, a new pattern of participation of the whole people in the construction of a beautiful China will be formed, a new path of green, low-carbon and sustainable development will be embarked on, and a steady stream of strong impetus will be injected into the efficient and high-quality promotion of the construction of a beautiful China.