This study takes A-share listed companies in the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets from 2008 to 2022 as samples. By constructing an urban talent environment index, it systematically explores the impact of talent ecosystem optimization on the new quality productivity of enterprises and its internal mechanism. The research has established a comprehensive evaluation system of “five forces”, namely “talent power, innovation power, digital transformation power, economic effectiveness and sustainability”, to measure the development level of the new quality productivity of enterprises in a more comprehensive and detailed manner. Empirical results show that the improvement of the urban talent environment can significantly stimulate the innovation momentum of enterprises and enhance the level of new quality productivity. This effect is particularly significant in enterprises with high R&D investment and high-quality innovation, and the degree of benefit for enterprises in the central region is significantly higher than that in the eastern and western regions. Mechanism tests further indicate that the advanced structure of human capital constitutes a key intermediary path - a superior talent environment, by gathering high-level human capital and optimizing factor allocation, provides continuous impetus for the technological iteration and organizational restructuring of enterprises, thereby accelerating the formation of new quality productive forces. In addition, strong intellectual property protection and in-depth digital transformation have significantly enhanced the positive effect of the urban talent environment. The two work together to amplify the benefits of innovation and provide institutional and technological support for enterprises to build sustainable competitive advantages in the complex competitive landscape.