Through the diverse figures on the stage of modern French revolutionary history, “The Three Books on French History” vividly expounds the theory of historical subjects by revealing the inevitability of historical processes and outcomes. From a materialist historical perspective, “real people” are regarded as the agents of history. Analyzing the types, structures, and interrelations of historical subjects aims to explain how “real people” generate different histories under varying spatiotemporal conditions. The life cycle of “real people” witnesses their development from primarily biological attributes to predominantly social ones, illustrating their transformation from being-in-itself to being-for-itself. In participating in historical activities and integrating into historical processes, “real people” exhibit distinctions between spontaneity and consciousness. As historical subjects, “real people” can be categorized according to their degrees of being-in-itself versus being-for-itself, and spontaneous versus conscious engagement. Within historical activities and processes, historical subjects assume differing roles—leadership or following. The great achievements of the Communist Party of China in exploring and applying both general laws of modernization and specific laws of Chinese-style modernization confirm the Party’s self-consciousness as a historical subject. The historical accomplishments embodied and implemented through national five-year plans validate the Party’s leading role as a historical subject. Furthermore, the practical achievements in continuously addressing unique challenges faced by a large political party further confirm the integration of the Party’s self-consciousness and leadership into a distinctive form of conscious leadership.